PESTLE Analysis of Sweden

PESTLE Analysis of Sweden Sweden, which involves the eastern piece of the Scandinavian Peninsula, is the fourth-biggest nation in Europe and is one-tenth bigger than California. The nation slants eastbound and southward from the Kjã ³len Mountains along the Norwegian outskirt, where the pinnacle rise is Kebnekaise at 6,965 ft (2,123 m) in Lapland. In the north are mountains and numerous lakes. Toward the south and east are focal marshes and south of them are prolific regions of timberland, valley, and plain. Along Swedens rough coast, slashed up by coves and deltas, are numerous islands, the biggest of which are Gotland and Oland. This nation is having the region of 449964 sq km marginally bigger than California. STOCKHOLM is the capital.They are having the Constitutional government kind of government and furthermore have parliamentary majority rules system. PESTEL ANALYSIS OF THE SWEDEN: As in this nation the legislature is having the protected government and has parliamentary majority rule government. In the economy of the there is a major trade after 1991. This economy is enhanced by the wellsprings of the clock, hydropower and iron metal. POLITICAL ANALYSIS: Customary general races to the Swedish Parliament are held each fourth year on the third Sunday in September. Region chamber and metropolitan board races happen simultaneously. A gathering must get in any event 4% of the votes in the whole nation or 12% in a solitary discretionary area to fit the bill for any seats in Parliament.Sweden is an established government where King Karl XVI Gustaf is principle leader of the state. Sweden is the unitary state as of now partitioned into the 21 countries.Each nation has a nation authoritative board, which is an administration delegated board. Its drove by a senator selected for time of six years. The fundamental obligations of the County Administrative Board are to arrange the improvement of the district in accordance with objectives set in national legislative issues. In every area there is likewise a County Council or landsting which is an arrangement making gathering chose by the occupants of the province. Unavoidably, the 349-part Riksdag (Parliament) holds preeminent expert in present day Sweden. The Riksdag is liable for picking the PM, who at that point chooses the legislature (the priests). The authoritative force is just practiced by the Riksdag. Enactment might be started by the bureau or by individuals from Parliament. Individuals are chosen based on relative portrayal for a four-year term. The Constitution of Sweden can be modified by the Riksdag, which requires a straightforward however supreme dominant part and two choices with general races in the middle. Sweden has three other sacred laws: The Act of Royal Succession, The Freedom of Press Act and The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression. Financial ANALYSIS: Gross domestic product (2010 est., ostensible): $438.8 billion. Gross domestic product (2010 est., per capita buying power equality): $37,032. GNI (2009, per capita buying power equality): $38,560. Yearly GDP development rate (2010 est.): 4.5%. Conversion scale (September 2010): Swedish kronor (SEK) per U.S. dollar = 7.073. Conversion scale (January-September 2010 avg.): Swedish kronor (SEK) per U.S. dollar = 7.3475. Expansion rate (2010 est.): 1.4%. Characteristic assets: Forests, hydroelectric force, iron metal, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, lumber. Industry (2010): Approximately 26.6% of GDP. TYPES: apparatus/metal items (iron and steel), electrical hardware, airplane, paper items, exactness gear (course, radio and phone parts, deadly implements), wood mash and paper items, handled nourishments. Administrations (2010): Approximately 71.8% of GDP. Typestelecommunications, PC gear, biotech. Exchange: Fares (2010)SEK 728.2 billion (U.S. $102.9 billion). Significant exchanging accomplices, sends out (2010)- Germany, Norway, U.K., U.S., Denmark, Finland, France, Netherlands, China. Imports (2010)SEK 687.6 billion (U.S. $97.2 billion). Typesmachinery and transport gear, 41.8%; food, dress, materials and furniture, 19.6%; mineral powers and electric flow, 13.5%; synthetic compounds and elastic items, 12.8%; minerals, 9.2%; wood and paper items, 3.1%. Significant exchanging accomplices, imports (2010)- Germany, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, U.K., Finland, Russia, France, Belgium, China. The ordinary laborer gets 40% of his salary after the assessment wedge. The gradually declining by and large tax assessment, 51.1% of GDP in 2007, is still about twofold of that in the United States or Ireland. The portion of business financed by means of assessment pay adds up to 33% of Swedish workforce, a considerably higher extent than in most different nations. Genuine GDP GROWTH IN SWEDEN IN BETWEEN 1996-2006 SOCIAL ANALYSIS: Sweden has one of the most profoundly created government assistance states on the planet. The nation has a more elevated level of social spending to GDP than some other country. Furthermore it gives equivalent just as far reaching access to instruction and human services. Sweden offered strong help with the expectation of complimentary exchange (aside from horticulture) and for the most part generally solid and stable property rights (both private and open), however a few market analysts have called attention to that Sweden advanced businesses with duties and utilized freely financed RD during the countrys early basic long periods of industrialization. From the 1970s and onwards Swedens GDP development fell behind other industrialized nations and the countrys per capita positioning tumbled from the fourth to fourteenth spot in a couple of decades. Sweden embraced neo-liberal farming strategies in 1990. Since the 1930s, the horticultural division had been liable to value controls. In June 1990, the Parliament decided in favor of another agrarian strategy denoting a noteworthy move away from value controls. Subsequently, food costs fell to some degree. Be that as it may, the advancements before long became debatable on the grounds that EU agrarian controls happened. Starting at 2007, absolute expense income was 47.8% of GDP, the second most noteworthy taxation rate among created nations, down from 49.1% 2006. Swedens rearranged charge wedge the sum heading off to the administration laborers wallet is around 15% contrasted with 10% in Belgium, 30% in Ireland, and half in United States. Open division spending adds up to 53% of the GDP. State and city representatives aggregate around 33% of the workforce, significantly more than in most Western nations. Just Denmark has a bigger open segment (38% of Danish workforce). Spending on moves is likewise high. Innovative ANALYSIS: The customary building industry is as yet a significant wellspring of Swedish innovations, yet pharmaceuticals, gadgets and other cutting edge ventures are making strides. Tetra was a development for putting away fluid nourishments, imagined by Erik Wallenberg. Losec, a ulcer medication, was the universes top of the line tranquilize during the 1990s and was created by AstraZeneca. All the more as of late Hakan Lans designed the Automatic Identification System, an overall standard for delivery and common flying route. Swedish designers hold a sum of 33,523 licenses in the United States starting at 2007, as per the United States Patent and Trademark Office. As a country, just ten different nations hold a bigger number of licenses than Sweden. In 1991 the legislature declared it would start taking applications from private TV organizations wishing to communicate on the earthly system. TV4, which had recently been communicating by means of satellite, was allowed a grant and started its earthbound communicates in 1992, turning into the principal private station to communicate TV content from inside the nation. Around a large portion of the populaces are associated with satellite TV. Advanced earthly TV began in 1999 and the last simple earthbound communicates were ended in 2007. Swedens vitality is to a great extent privatized. The Nordic vitality advertise is one of the first changed vitality showcases in Europe. The conventional designing industry is as yet a significant wellspring of Swedish developments, however pharmaceuticals, hardware and other cutting edge businesses are making strides. Tetra Pak was an innovation for putting away fluid nourishments, imagined by Erik Wallenberg. Losec, a ulcer medication, was the universes top of the line tranquilize during the 1990s and was created by AstraZeneca. All the more as of late Hakan Lans developed the Automatic Identification System, an overall standard for delivery and common flying route. An enormous segment of the Swedish economy is right up 'til the present time dependent on the fare of specialized developments, and numerous huge worldwide partnerships from Sweden have their inceptions in the inventiveness of Swedish designers. Lawful ANALYSIS: The preeminent court of Sweden is the last advance for all affable and criminal cases. The Supreme Court comprise of 16 councilors of equity which were delegated by government, however the court as a foundation is free and the legislature can't meddle in the choices of the court. The Swedish police administration is government office worried about police matters. All the issues are unraveled by the national police as there is city police. The whole police is under national government from 1 January 1965. Here courts are partitioned in 2 equal courts General court-for criminal and common case General regulatory court-for authoritative cases. For the most part the judges for these courts are delegated by government. Ecological ANALYSIS: Ecological assurance laws: These are for the most part moved up to have power over the earth from various elements. Removal of squanders in a legitimate and determined way. SOURCES OR POTENTIAL SOURCES OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FOR SWEDEN BY USING PORTER DIAMOND MODEL: The potential sources are connected with the upper hand for the different nations on the planet. Watchman jewel model (1990) shows direct connection of the development of the various economies of the world. POTERS DIAMOND-THE DETERMINANTS OF THE NATIONAL ADVANTAGE: As the market in Sweden is developing at a stale development. The economy is fastly developing in specialized division, for example, in PC types of gear, biotech and te

Conflict of laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strife of laws - Essay Example It is obvious that in the occasion the business is situated in Paris, France, and the business directed from France, the French courts have locale for this situation. In this way it would not be conceivable to recommend English courts for this situation, and this must be settled, either with French, or EU laws. (Etgen Reitz 2006, p.90). 1. The part that manages the case of Jones, the ex-advertising worker of LSEL in UK who is looking for commission and pay in lieu of notice of end of his administrations. The primary angle is whether English or EU laws could be applied for this situation. 2. The subsequent part would manage whether Reilly could have a meaningful case for supposed deficient PC comfort which the organization isn't happy to settle, guaranteeing that the shortcoming lay with the installer and not the item. Regardless of whether English law would have the option to be utilized for this situation. imperatives. It is surely to the advantage of managers that French state offices have the forces to mediate in, and even approve excusals should it so warrant. Nonetheless, it is likewise observed that it isn't hard for any representative to start a claim against his ex managers under work courts. Work Relations Courts (Conseils de Prudhommes) are commonly comprised of lay appointed authorities who are chosen from the positions of boss/representative associations. It is uncommon that the offended party be other than a representative and similarly as uncommon that cases be excused with no honor at all being made against the employer.† For this situation, English laws may not make a difference, since his business is held by French Company enlisted and controlled in France. Be that as it may, it might be important to consider the European Laws on work which might encroach upon this agreement. Notice period: By far, the most significant part of any current business is that of either the business or the representative serving notice before leaving the work. Under French law, it is one month’s notice

Product Development - An Overview From Idea To Product

Product Development - An Overview From Idea To Product 1. TWO APPROACHES FOR MANAGING PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Product development is the creation of a new or different product that offers innovative new benefits to the end user. This includes both the creation of an entirely new product and modifications to an existing product. These changes or new introductions may be targeting a newly defined customer requirement or a niche category in the market.A product can be defined as a collection of benefits that can be either tangible such as a physical item or intangible such as a service or experience. The new product development process involves two simultaneous activity paths. One of these focuses on extensive market research and analysis while the other deals with generating ideas, design of the product and detail engineering.New product development is the first stage in the product life cycle management process, the strategic process that is used to manage products and market share. An effective product development process helps a company to:Grow through the creation of new business opportuni tiesBoost profitability for stakeholdersIncrease customer satisfaction through better products meeting specific needs © Shutterstock.com | PureSolutionIn this article, we look at 1) two approaches for managing product development, 2) points to remember, and 3) other product development techniques.1. TWO APPROACHES FOR MANAGING PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTThere have been several approaches to managing an effective new product development process. One such method is the Fuzzy Front End (FFE) followed by a more formal Stage Gate process. The FFE is a more chaotic early stage process, where the concept is defined. The Stage Gate is a more formal step by step process where the concept is formalized and managed systematically.a. Fuzzy Front End (FFE)Defined by Koen, the fuzzy front end includes the chaotic, unpredictable, and unstructured activities that precede a more formal new product development process. This is stage after an opportunity has been realized and before a formal product development process is deemed ready. Here, a concept may be generated and then the decision made regarding the feasibility of t his concept and whether it is worthy of further investment of resources.Practically, the FFE may not be a formal or detailed part of the product development process. However, it may end up taking up to half the total development time and this is the point where serious commitments regarding time, investment and the nature of the envisioned end product are decided. Because of this, it sets the direction for the whole project and the product. This is why the importance of this phase cannot be overlooked and it should be included in the overall projected product development cycle time.In no particular order, Koen mentions five different elements of the front end. These are:Identification of Design CriteriaIn a semi structured manner, both large and incremental business and technological chances are identified. Based on criteria / guidelines decided here, new projects / products will be assigned resources and a structured development strategy can begin to be establishedIdea AnalysisIden tified ideas are converted to implications for business context relevant to the company. Market research and studies as well as some basic trials may be conducted at this point to understand how the concept will translate into a solution for the customerConcept GenesisThrough an incremental and iterative process, the identified idea is taken birth to a mature tangible concept. The process followed here can be formulated internally or externally through a specific customer request or a unique material availability from a supplierPrototypeDoes the concept of idea reached here make business sense and does it have business value? Positive answers to these questions lead to the decision to purse the creation of the prototype of the product and negative answers may end the process right here to be started again from the beginningProduct DevelopmentBased on factors such as available market share, customer requirements, investment needed, competitor analysis etc., a business case can now be developed. This is often treated as the first step of the formal product development process.There is no formal or universal definition of the Fuzzy Front End. Neither is there a clear framework of how it works. Generally, it is said to encompass tasks such as strategic planning, generating concepts and pre-technical evaluations. These activities are not set in any formal framework, but flow in an unpredictable, unstructured and often chaotic manner. Despite this, it can be a valuable and often vital lead into a successful product development activity.b. Eight Stage Gate Process for New Product DevelopmentOften known as the stage gate process, this 8 stage framework was developed by Robert G. Cooper after extensive research product success and failure. Since product developments often include big or small teams and may require substantial investment, following a structured and formal process may help maximize the probability of a successful product and mitigate the risk of failure. This process can also help keep everyone on the development team structured and on the same page. © Entrepreneurial InsightsThe 8 stages in this process are:Idea GenerationAt this stage, a product development team will take the concept narrowed down in the fuzzy front end and work on brainstorming this concept into concrete ideas for products. It is necessary to employ strong analyses to identify current market trends and available solutions, understand customer behavior and needs, and identify areas of opportunity. This information will help keep ideas focused and relevant. Some tools that can help this analysis include a basis internal and external SWOT analysis, study of market and customer trends, competitor analysis, focus groups, sales staff and other employees, and information from trade shows. It is also helpful for the team to keep important aspects of the future product in mind such as how lean it is, how scalable it is and how much return can it generate. There may be many ideas at this point, which will be analyzed in detail in the next stage.Idea ScreeningAt this st age, the task is to remove ideas that do not make strong business sense. A set criteria should be decided against which each idea will be evaluated and discussed. There should be as little deviation as possible from this criteria so that no extra time is spent debating unsuitable ideas. Some questions that can be asked at this stage includeWill the target audience benefit from this product?What is the size of this target audience and is there a growth forecast?Is there existing competitor presence or is it anticipated?Are the industry and market trends positive?Does it make technical sense to manufacture the proposed product?Will the product be profitable?Will it be acceptable to the customer at target price?Concept Development and TestingAt this stage, the legal and practical aspects of developing and launching the new product are studied. It is pertinent to investigate all intellectual property and patent issues to prevent later infringement issues. An understanding of the marketi ng message and marketing details will also help streamline and focus the process moving forward. Identifying the target market, purchase decision makers, product features, potential benefits and consumer reactions to the product are some important marketing related points. In addition, design details and their technical requirements as well as cost effective production are also vital considerations.Business AnalysisOnce marketing and design details are evaluated and understood, it is now time to conduct a business analysis to assess product profitability potential. It is important to estimate as close to reality as possible the likely sale price, based on competitor analysis results and consumer focus group or survey data. It is also necessary to workup sales volumes based on market size and relevant tools. And based on this, profitability and a break-even point can be identified.  Beta Testing and Market TestingAt this point, it is now time to manufacture an actual prototype or a c lose mockup. The product, and ideally the packaging, should now be tested in true to life usage conditions. This can be done through focus groups, interviews, introductions at tradeshows. The feedback that is generated can help identify redundant features or those that create no real value and any hitches in the user experience. Necessary adjustments can now be made. As further testing, an initial trial market can be identified and a small scale launch conducted to further assess acceptance by the target user group.  Technical ImplementationAt this stage, the technical teams will finalize the quality management system. They will also work out the resource requirements, plan engineering operations and create department schedules. Technical communications and requirements can be published to create a record. Suppliers should be brought on board and logistics worked out. A system for regular reviews of the project as well as contingency and risk mitigation plans should also be drawn up .Product LaunchThe product is ready for launch at this stage. Necessary advertising and marketing communications strategies are set into motion and the distribution channel is loaded up to ensure consistent product availability. The product should be monitored for usage feedback with consistent technical support available if applicable. In order to help convert undecided consumers into actual buyers, the marketing communications and brand presence need to be strong, relevant, visible and updated.New Product Pricing and Post Launch ReviewAt this point, a review of the entire process is a good idea to identify best practices and areas of improvement. The impact of this new product on the entire product portfolio should also be evaluated. An external and internal value analysis will help understand the impact of the product. The product may have been launched at an introductory price and it may now be time to decide upon an actual pricing strategy. This can be done after assessing cons umer response, competitor response and product costs. A forecast of unit volumes, revenue and profit will also add value. An ongoing mechanism needs to be put in place to evaluate changing customer needs and market trends to ensure that the product stays relevant and competitive as consumers grow older and change preferences.2. POINTS TO REMEMBERIt is important to note that the product development process is a fluid and evolving one. Some steps may need to be iterated while others may be eliminated altogether. In the interest of quicker time to market, some companies may run several steps simultaneously.There must be an understanding that ideas may get trashed and some of these may be exciting and innovative but wrong for what is presently required. The company must also be prepared for losses and have a risk mitigation or market exit strategy planned in advance to avoid being caught off guard.A Balanced TeamThe product development process ideally needs both technical or engineering and marketing or business expertise. The best way to achieve this is to create a specialized cross functional team and give it end to end responsibility for the product. This means that the team will be working on idea generation all the way to commercialization and post launch reviews. If the industry requires extensive and expensive RD, then a collaboration among different companies may help spread out costs and risks associated with a new product as well as provide access to a wider variety of skills and experience. In any case, it is vital that the team work in close collaboration to ensure the successful development and launch of the new product. With clear goals, the team can ensure that the product development process is productive and relevant.A Proactive ProcessNew product development is increasingly seen as a proactive process by senior management. There is an effort to identify changes in market trends and seize opportunities for new products before a need for them is ex plicitly present or before a competitor reaches it. This allows time to perfect and plan a product’s development and launch in detail and allows risk mitigation and planning. If a more reactive methodology is adopted then, there will always be a rush to catch up which may lead to a substandard product or a poorly planned launch. New product development should be seen as a form of continuous development where the entire company is alert towards potential opportunities.3. OTHER PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUESScrumSCRUM is a simple framework that allows teams to collaborate effectively on complex projects. Through this methodology, product development occurs in small pieces. Each piece builds up on a previously created piece. Working on one small piece at a time encourages the creative process and allows teams to incorporate feedback and make changes as well as to create only what is needed.Through a small set of rules, basic structure is provided to the teams to allow them to focus i nnovation on finding solutions to what might other be an extremely daunting challenge.The Scrum process involves three basic roles. These are:Product Owners who finalize what needs to be createdDevelopment teams who create what is needed and then demonstrate it after which the next step is determinedScrum Masters who ensure a smooth process and work on process improvement, team development and product quality

Minimum Wage Is The Price Floor For Jobs Essay - 1239 Words

Minimum wage is the price floor for jobs. Many people are either for it or against it, however not denying the fact that it is very important to employees. Because, minimum wage creates a pathway for workers to sell their labour though getting paid less, businesses willingly hire them and workers gain experiences. Yes, in many ways it can benefit both the employers and the employees but there is always a down side to it. When it comes to revenue businesses can only spend so much and it does not benefit the employees in the long run due to cost push inflations and poverty. A study based on minimum wage jobs from 2001-2012 in UK and Romania indicates how minimum wage have an effect on these countries. Youths are also being affected by minimum wage jobs. The article â€Å"Effects of rising minimum wage: theory, evidence and future challenges† closely examines the minimum wage â€Å"based on the contribution of theoretical and empirical research† in the EU countries such as the UK and Romania, and comparing them to the US. They were able to come to the conclusion of the Uk s minimum wage being slightly higher than the USA at 46%. Largest benefit was the gap reduction in the lower wages and a 5% increase of the lowest revenues. Romania stood out the most out of all the EU for minimum wage evolution and the effect of its policies on the labor market in more reasons than one. Using normal values when looking at an economy with high inflation rate is not relevant. Minimum wage wasShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage And Its Effect On The Workplace886 Words   |  4 PagesPrice floor is most commonly defined as a government price control that establishes the minimum allowable price that can be charged for a particular good or service (Ragan, 2013). The most popular and recognisable examples of a price floor is minimum wage. Fundamentally, a minimum wage is the lowest hourly wage that employers can legally pay their employees (MCEE, 2008). For much of the past cen tury, the minimum wage has been a controversial subject among policymakers and economists around the worldRead MoreMinimum Wage At The United States1129 Words   |  5 Pagesintended to raise the current minimum wage floor of $7.25 in the United States stalled in Congress. As the November election approaches, many Democratic senate members are placing the issue of minimum wage at the forefront of their election campaigns, hoping to sway working-class voters in their favor. The issue of minimum wage has become a matter of politics, politics which far overshadow the far more pertinent concern of minimum wage’s economic effects. Minimum wage is a complex issue, and understandingRead MoreU.s. Federal Minimum Wage Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesFederal Minimum Wage is $7.25 per hour. In just two years from 2013, the demanded from advocates for raising minimum wage rose from $9 to $15. However, raising the minimum wage is more complex than simply raising the number of federal sta ndard of pay for employees. Relative control groups and other market activities play a part in the outcome of the minimum wage. For example, one instance of market activity was observers said that raising the minimum wage did not hurt individuals; however, wages wereRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Is A Good Or Not? Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagestopic of minimum wage. What is it? Why people talk so much about it? Why should you care about that topic or even pay attention to that? This paper will try to answer the question of why increasing a minimum wage is a good or not so good idea. I. Definition and history of the minimum wage. Let’s start with the definition of the minimum wage. Minimum wage is defined as a legally mandated price floor on hourly wages, below which non-exempt workers may not be offered or accept a job (Minimum Wage 2015)Read MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Price Control1467 Words   |  6 PagesPrice controls are a type of government regulation used to establish a maximum price that can be charged for goods and services. Price controls have both advantages and disadvantages for consumers and producers. Price controls prevent money loss on both sides and help find an equilibrium for producers and consumers in the market. There are two different barriers to price controls: price ceilings and price floors. A price ceiling it put in place to regulate how high of a price can be charged for aRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage1437 Words   |  6 Pages Minimum wage was established on October 24, 1938 after President Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act. (Grossman) Minimum wag e was set to allow working class citizens an opportunity to work a reasonable amount of hours for pay that would enable individuals to maintain a minimal quality life. In today’s economics minimum wage is used as a price control or price floor that the government enforces. A price floor is a minimum price for a product or service above the market’s equilibrium priceRead MoreRaising The Federal Minimum Wage1225 Words   |  5 Pages Study shows that wage increases do lower poverty, by 2.4% if wage at $8.00, consistent with other studies. (Washington Post/ Arin Dube) 1. Raising the federal minimum wage doesn’t cause substantial unemployment as most economists agree, including over 600 economists who wrote a letter to Congress urging a wage increase, and the Economic Policy Institute. A. Identify shortcomings of the opposition (fallacies they make, or weaknesses in the evidence they use) 1. Arin Dube’s study would be great,Read MoreMacroeconomics: Should Minimum Wage Be Raised?823 Words   |  4 PagesCase for More Than the Minimum Wage, written by Peter Coy on February 13th, 2014. The article starts with talking about President Obama’s 2014 State of the Union address calling for an increase in the minimum wage to $10.10 per hour. There was also a reference in the 2013 State of the Union address, but at that time it was to raise the minimum wage to $9.00 per hour. Where do these numbers really come from? Are they arbitrary or is there an economic rationale? The minimum wage has been on politicalRead MoreMinimum Wage : Low Skilled And Young Workers1553 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Minimum wage, a program created to help the poor, has every contrary effect to its well intentions. Throughout the history, people who hurt the most during minimum wage hikes are the low-skilled and young workers. Drastically raising minimum wage is meaningless as high inflation usually comes alongside with wage increases. Past economic statistics have shown that the rate of increase in inflation usually outpaced the rate of increase in minimum wage. Thus, the real value wage workers receiveRead MoreHistory of Minimum Wage1137 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of Minimum Wage is â€Å"an amount of money that is the least amount of money per hour that workers must be paid according to the law† (Minimum wage). Minimum wage, like other laws, are used to keep the economy in line. Minimum wage laws were invented in Australia and New Zealand with the purpose of guaranteeing a minimum standard of living for unskilled workers. (Linda Gorman) Minimum wage puts a price on the ser vices one offers. Many different principles can be used to explain Minimum wage and explore

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry Free Essay Example, 4000 words

Chippies, and fish and chips fast food and regular restaurants are also quite popular in these establishments can range from one-person operations in a tiny little booth, such as those found in the small narrow lanes of York, two large seafood establishments, which can seat up to a hundred people and provide banquet and catering services. The smaller operations are generally family-owned, while many pubs have been taken over by corporate groups. Large restaurants are generally incorporated and stockholder owned. Catering companies also have a huge range for size, from one-person or family operations to very large operations offering services to conventions, large companies and airlines. One can conceivably visit the UK without ever realizing that theres a catering company involved, as many seem to work behind the scenes, such as supplying food to airlines. Pubs comprise a huge portion of the British hospitality industry, according to the British Beer and Pub Association/ their cont ribution to the GDP is more than 34.9 billion British pounds sterling. Pubs are the social gathering places in the UK, especially near the universities and in small towns. We will write a custom essay sample on The Contemporary Hospitality Industry or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Pubs reported in 19 . 9 billion British pounds sterling revenue from the sale of beverages. The rest of the 34.9 billion pounds contribution to the economy was for food. According to Hospitality News, â€Å"Customers eating ( £20.1b) and drinking ( £15.9b) out of home are the largest chunk of turnover according to the report, while business related expenditure such as rail or coach travel accounts for around a third ( £10b). † (Hospitality News 2007) Accommodations, on the other hand, contributed a mere 10.5 billion British pounds sterling to the economy. Social clubs and gambling establishments contributed another five or 6 billion British pounds Sterling. â€Å"  The hospitality industry employed 1.6 million people in the UK in 2002.*   Employers in the hospitality industry range from restaurants, hotels, pubs, clubs and bars and contract catering.   Restaurants were the largest employer in 2002 with 508,483 employers, representing 30% of the total hospitality workforce.   Hotels employed 279,785 people (17%).   Pubs, clubs and bars employed 261,130 people (16%).   Contract catering employed 192,298 people (12%).   Hospitality services** and second jobs in hospitality form the remaining 25%.   Employment in the UK hospitality industry 2002    † ( William Reed Ltd. 2006) Considering the above information from a report in 2002, we can extrapolate certain totals for 2007.

Is There A God - 2247 Words

Is there a God or is he just a myth? The world has been searching for God for ages and philosophers and atheists have debated about this topic. The word God itself is a huge controversy. Is there a God and if He is there why do we still have evil around, where is He? These are the general questions asked by man. On the other side atheists would say that there is no God for the universe evolved by itself and we came into being by accident. But the real question is how can we come into existence by just â€Å"itself† for the word itself does not make sense. In order for the universe to begin or have been created someone must have exited in the beginning and thus all the others have existed there after. There is someone with perfection and intelligence for the other natural bodies have acquired that fraction of qualities. I believe that the word God is just not God it’s the supreme power through which all beings have come to pass. Great Philosophers, Thomas Aquinas, David Hume, St. Anselm and Karl Rahner, of their time have given their viewpoints on the existence of God being teleological, oncological and affirmation where St Aquinas has the highest degree of argument on the existence of God and I affirm Aquinas words on the existence of God. My first admission in the existence of God is based on Aquinas’s argument. Aquinas arguments demonstrates the existence of God by stating that there are natural things that lack intelligence and thus do not have a purpose and maybe have theShow MoreRelatedGod s God : God813 Words   |  4 PagesGod being in control and intimately involved with His creation is essential to our faith as Christians. This belief impacts all Believers regardless of vocation however it is especially important for those of us going into ministry as pastors. â€Å"I used to ask God to help me. Then I asked if I might help Him. I ended up asking God to do His work through me.†(Hudson Taylor) Throughout all of Scripture we see God alluding to the truth that He created all things and is at work in all things and ultimatelyRead MoreLord God, God And God851 Words   |  4 Pagesthe supreme being: God and Lord God. While God and Lord God both have immense power and the unique ability to create, th ey are separate characters with separate personalities. Lord God is like a Greek anthropomorphic god with human desires and limitations, whereas God is an all-powerful abstract being of pure spirit. Lord God, like a Greek anthropomorphic god, has a human form and body. We first learn about Lord God in chapter two, the second creation story. Firstly, Lord God â€Å"formed man from theRead MoreThe God Of God1504 Words   |  7 Pageswas the god of creation. He was round and monstrous in size. Nobody knows how he came to be, but nobody ever dared to question him about it, even when they were given the chance. 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In addition, he called himself I am like God because Jesus, God the Son, and God the Father are one. Moreover, Jesus shows the union of God with humanity. He had three purposes; be the prophet who spoke the word of God to the people,Read MoreIs God A True God? Essay971 Words   |  4 Pages I believe that there is a true God who is involved in the world. If it would not be for our God who is keeping everything under His control, the world would cease to exist. God is the one who created this world. He is the only being who is eternal. God was not created. He created the world and continues to be very much involved in it. God created everything in this world from nothing. Then He formed man from the dust of the earth. After He formed man, He breathed into him theRead MoreJesus : The God Of God1408 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Son of God, etc. but the true meaning behind His name will only be determined by the faith and revelation. Scholars on this subject have tried to search the truth among the Scriptures, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and other canonic books. One thing that it is found in common is the coming of a messiah, a chosen man by God who will change the world. When God created humankind, He placed in the Eden, His primeval messiah, and he was appointed to represent Him on earth, but Adam failed to God and made theRead MoreThe Word Of God : God964 Words   |  4 Pagesthat when God spoke for the first time, Life, in the form of an energy called light, illuminated the universe. In that moment of time, darkness was the present condition across the expanse. The darkness could not understand the light and thus fled as God expressed his sovereign will through the spoken Word. The declaration of His Word brought forth light. This original light inundated the cosmos with life. Therefore, we conclude that life in the universe exists by the verbal Word of God. 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Drug Testing for School Athletes free essay sample

Drug use in school athletics has become a substantial problem in today’s society. With the rising pressure to succeed and the high level intensity in athletics, it does not come to a surprise that so many student–athletes are giving in to drugs. Many schools that are faced with drug use are turning to mandatory drug tests for student-athletes; however mandatory drug tests are a violation of the Fourth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment and drug testing reverses the legal principle of innocent until proven guilty. In order to protect the rights of the American people, drug testing student-athletes without suspicion and without sufficient evidence should not be introduced into school athletics due to the fact that it violates the Fourth Amendment and the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution. Without suspicion of drug use, schools cannot require drug tests of athletes, because it violates their Fourth Amendment right. According to the US Bill Of Rights: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause. † (Cayton). This means that you need probable cause or suspicion of drug use before you can require a drug test of someone. School athletes should not be subject to unjust searches based on non-existent evidence. The searches would be both unlawful and unreasonable thus making the policy unconstitutional. Nevertheless, there are many people who oppose this policy, and believe that student-athlete drug testing is needed to protect the common good and ensure the safety of everyone (Mikula). However, no policy should be able to violate the constitution and infringe on the student’s privacy. An example of this is from a court case involving a Texas School District. The Texas School argued that they needed a policy to test student-athletes for drugs to help control the â€Å"drug crisis† going on at their school. The court ruled that the school failed to demonstrate the need for drug testing without suspicion and the policy was deemed unconstitutional by the court (American Civil Liberties Union). Schools cannot test student-athletes without suspicion because it’s unlawful, unreasonable and unconstitutional. Drug testing of school athletes reverses the legal principle that we are innocent until proven guilty which thus going against one of the most fundamental concepts of criminal law. In the  Fifth Amendment it states: â€Å"†¦nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cayton). This statement implies that it is guaranteed to us that we are to be assumed innocent until proven guilty. Some people might argue that schools shouldn’t need overwhelming evidence to ensure the safety of their students (High School and Youth Trends). However, it is clearly outlined within the Constitution that in order to test student-athletes for drugs, there must be compelling, and convincing evidence to base the accusations on or else the due process of law guaranteed to us in the Fifth Amendment is violated (Innocent Until Proven Guilty). Drug testing athletes without probable cause essentially tells students that they are guilty until they prove their innocence by taking a drug test. Without sufficient evidence to base accusations on, drug testing student-athletes is essentially asking them to provide the evidence of their own guilt. This is clearly in violation of the Fifth Amendment which clearly states that no person shall force to provide evidence to prove their own guilt. Within the Fifth Amendment it declares: â€Å"†¦nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cayton). Since the school possesses no such evidence to incriminate the athletes, asking them to submit a drug test is essentially asking them to provide the evidence that will prove their guilt. Some people believe that schools have the right to force students to participate in mandatory drug tests to protect the school as a whole, but in reality the School possesses no right to invade on the individu al rights of the students themselves. An example of drug testing violating the Fifth Amendment is a court case involving a Pennsylvania School. The court ruled the schools drug testing policy unconstitutional because it violated the Fifth Amendment (American Civil Liberties Union). The school was ultimately forcing the students to submit to drug tests without compelling evidence. The students were basically providing the evidence of their guilt which is a violation of the constitution. Mandatory Drug testing within schools reverses the legal principle of innocent until proven guilty and also violates the Fourth and Fifth Amendments of the Constitution. Without suspicion of drug use, there is no probable cause to test student-athletes for drugs, thus violating the Fourth Amendment right to be free from unlawful searches. Drug testing student-athletes without acquiring sufficient evidence to base accusations  on, is essentially asking them to provide the evidence of their own guilt which violates the Fifth Amendment right to protect against self-incrimination. Drug testing without compelling evidence also reverses the legal principle of innocent until proven guilty. Drug testing without pre-existing evidence tells students that they are guilty until they prove their innocence by taking a drug test. In order to uphold and maintain the rules and rights given to us by the Constitution, drug testing student-athletes must be deemed unconstitutional on all counts.

A Closed Family In Anne Tylers Dinner At The Homesick Restaraunt Essay

A Closed Family In Anne Tyler's Dinner At The Homesick Restaraunt A Closed Family: Growth Through Suffering The novel Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is one of Tylers more complex because it involves not only the growth of the mother, Pearl Tull, but each of her children as well. Pearl must except her faults in raising her children, and her children must all face their own loneliness, jealousy, or imperfection. It is in doing this that they find connections to their family. They find growth through suffering. Cody Tull, the oldest child and the one most damaged by the failure of his parents marriage he becomes an aggressive, quarrelsome efficiency expert.(Voelker 126) He feels that it his fault that Beck, the father, left. Especially when they bring up the arrow incident. Cody never really feels like a family as he expresses: You think were a familywhen in particles, torn apart, torn all over the place?(Tyler 294). He never recovers from his father leaving. The optimism of Ezra is never noticed by the family. He never let his past affect his life and very little bothered him. The family does not notice his optimism because Cody resented it, Jenny ignored it and Pearl misunderstood it. His optimism is shown when Cody is reflecting on their childhood, about how bad it was and how their mother was a shrieking witch. Ezra responds, She wasnt always angry. Really she was angry very seldom, only a few times widely spaced, that happened to stick in your mind(Tyler 295). Even though Ezra felt his childhood was not that unhappy, he never feel his family is a whole because of Codys jealousy, Jennys isolation and Pearls confusion. Ezra creates and manages a restaurant that corrects the excessive closeness of his family with an atmosphere that consoles the customer while making no demands.(Volker 126) This was his idealistic home. Jenny, the youngest, becomes a pediatrician, a professional mother, who can avoid stifling emotional obligations.(Volker 126) She, as a child, ignores most of whats going on so that no emotional harm is done to her. Jenny exclaimed: We made it didnt we? We did grow up. Why, the three of us turned out fine., as if she has no regrets nor has made no mistakes. This shows how she ignores and avoided emotional conflict throughout her life. Pearl often wondered how other families worked and why hers didnt. At one point late in life she indulges in the signal act of idealization imagining the lives of other, happy families(Voelker 128). She always kept outsiders out of the lives of the Tulls. She did this for two reasons. The first was so no one could see their problems and the second was so her children couldnt see what they were missing. Closed families produce people less socially and personally satisfied. For instance, the son or daughter in a family business may tell the parent what to do with the business, but their relationship problem is never really resolved. It is just deferred until the next argument. This is an immature way of dealing with a situation one cannot cope with. When family becomes locked into a particular pattern of inter-family strife and too many unspoken areas of responsibility and commitment occur the family will crumble. In another of Tylers novels, The Accidental Tourist, this is the problem with Macons family. It leads to problems with his wife. After his son dies his feelings are numb. He never opens up until an outsider, Muriel puts him in touch with the world again and real life. This is also the problem with the Tulls. When Ezra wants to become a partner with Ms. Scarlatti his mother tries to persuade him not to, even though it would benefit him greatly. Unfortunately, Pearl sees the world outside her family as alien. Even Ms. Scarlattis generous offer was a threat to the family. Because of this no guest ever came to the Tull house and when Pearl saw Josiah Payson at the house with Jenny she rudely insulted him so he would leave. She employs her practical skills to make the home airtight and efficient, her manipulative skills to bind her children to her(Volker 128). This is how Pearl kept her family closed. This double

The Objectives of Plagiarism and Censorship

The Objectives of Plagiarism and Censorship Hashtag: #SinCensuraVigilantes (Without Vigilant Censorship) The Objectives of Plagiarism and Censorship Censorship is commonly known as suppression of anything objectionable while plagiarism prevents stealing and offering other authors ideas as your own. Censorship is common in media, films, TV, books, the Internet, and so on because they are a powerful medium of communication that has the ability to influence millions of people. The power to engage in censorship is not limited to the government because private organizations and  individuals can be involved in censorship. Censorship can be voluntary undertaking such as self-censorship of your own work (authors, film directors, etc.). Not all people are happy with censorship as it restrictions often deprive people of facts, and suppress their freedom of expression. Censorship in the print media such as newspaper, books, etc. greatly reduces the quality of information they deliver. Since a morning newspaper with graphic images of casualties of a tragic car accident can greatly affect their families’ feelings, the reading public will only see the censored images of the  accident rather than the reality of driving too fast or being more concerned about safety. Similarly, censorship of a film depicting the abuses and discriminatory practices of government offices against a certain ethnic group will likely deliver nothing but entertainment rather than truth and policy change. Plagiarism, on the other hand, is normally strict on literary works as books, journals, and so on because they are academic papers that usually contained ideas acquired from years of painstaking research. Certainly, presenting these ideas as your own is fraud, depreciation of their hard work, and breach of their intellectual rights. Want to know more? Go here: The Limits of Academic Freedom Educational Field Trip Safety Issues The Scientific Basis for Defining Seasons Who and What Deserve Respect Torture Is Never Justified The act of plagiarism usually occurred when a person writing an essay, for example, write exactly the same words or sentence that the person read from the source without proper citation. It can also occur when the writer acknowledged the wrong author or used copyrighted images without permission. The Similarities of Plagiarism and Censorship Some people see plagiarism and censorship as two different things living in an entire world. Others see censorship as suppressors of obscenity and plagiarism as eliminators of literary thieves. However, there is more to them than meets the eye. That is if one would dare see them in right perspective. Censorship suppresses the publicity of immoral and offensive materials. In other words, it prevents people from getting any credit from something that is ethically and legally unacceptable. Similarly, censorship prevents people from presenting materials that will hurt the dignity of those involved. For example, a film entirely centered on women’s nudity, a video showing a young innocent boy abused, or an article containing provocative ideas about the superiority of one man’s color over the other definitely deserve censorship. The point here is the fact that censorship, similar to plagiarism, is actually dealing with and resolving problems the same way. This is because plagiarism also suppresses the publicity of immoral written material that does not only contain stolen ideas, with an author expecting to gain from another man’s pain but offensive to the cheated readers of these deceitful academic materials.

Cost Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cost Control - Essay Example For the stamping dept. of a manufacturing firm, the standard cost for direct labor is $12 per hour, and the production standard calls for 1,000 stamping per hour. During June, 168 hours were required for actual production of 148,000 stampings. Actual direct labor cost for the stamping department for June was $2,184. An alternative to the preceding monthly report which could improve control over the stamping department’s direct labor is to increase the production rate in the previous month to in 1 hr = 1200 stampings. _____________________________________________________________________ Coastal Industries has established direct labor performance standards for its maintenance and repair shop. However, some of the labor records were destroyed during a recent fire. The actual hours worked during March were 4,000, and the total direct labor budget variance was $2,200 unfavorable. The standard labor rate was $18 per hour, but recent registrations allowed the firm to hire lower-paid replacement workers for some jobs, and this produced a favorable rate variance of $3,200 fro March. Fiber works Company is a manufacturer of fiberglass toy boats. The company has recently implemented a standard cost system and has designed the system to isolate variances as soon as possible. During the month of august, the following results were reported for the production of 50,000 toy

The inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The inequality - Essay Example The blame game going on is deep-rooted in the inappropriate structure of the American economy that cultivates inequality. Economic inequality can be gauged by comparing the earnings of a worker at the top with those of a worker at the middle. The economic inequality has grown more than two-folds from 1978 to 2010. Today, 400 Americans have more income than half of the total population of The US. In the economic boom from the Second World War up until 1978, economic benefits were widely distributed and the whole society benefited. But as the US started to recover from the economic recession of 2008, 95% of the gains went to the top 1% people. Something happened in the early 1980s that altered the relationship between economic growth and wages for the worse. Along with the stagnation of wages for the middle-class, costs of housing, education, healthcare and other facilities have soared up. Multinational companies are not increasing their products or services’ range so that more people would be hired because more and more people are aspiring to join the middle class while the purchasing power of the massive middle class in the US is decreasing. The stringent tax laws of the US serve as a disincentive for multinational corporations to bring their money to the US, so they instead spend their money buying other companies e.g. Microsoft buying Nokia. Some inequality is desirable in a capitalist system to motivate people to work hard and rise up economically, but the real problem is rooted in the inequality of opportunities in the US. The inequality of opportunities is much attributable to biased tax laws determined by the top 1% in their own favor. The existing economic structure of the US is shattering Americans’ confidence in democracy at large. An economy cannot be stable without having a strong middle-class. When adjusted for inflation, the median wage in the US is declining, and that is increasing the

Solid Waste Management Techniques For Jalgaon City Environmental Sciences Essay

Solid Waste Management Techniques For Jalgaon City Environmental Sciences Essay Solid waste management in India has become a major environmental issue of study increasing environmental concerns and interest in material and energy conservation have lead to increasing advancement in management of solid waste over the past two decades. This paper attempts to put together available information and analyze the problem of solid waste. Proper management of solid municipal waste can play an important role in generation of social, economic and environmental benefits. This paper revolves around the urban solid waste also outlines a solid waste management in Jalgaon city. This paper discusses various future projections for estimating the growth of MSW and the impact of such growth. This paper concludes about collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste for Jalgaon city. The conclusion and recommendation will helpful in disposing of solid waste in scientific manner for Jalgaon City. Keywords: Solid waste management, Environmental issues, future projections. INTRODUCTION In last few years in Jalgaon city the increase in solid waste management plays significant role. This is because of rapid economic development and rapid increase in population in Jalgaon city. This trend is due to change in the living standards of Indian peoples, changing lifestyle and food habits. The municipal council in Jalgaon city therefore, facing the problem of reinforcing their available manpower, equipments and machineries for excellent municipal solid waste management. Solid waste management is undoubtedly an increasingly important element in terms of efficiency and profitability for any municipality, particularly in Jalgaon City. Its especially complex dimension is a result not only of the direct relationship with a number of factors that originate the living standard of a society, but also of our continuously rising consuming lifestyle which analogically enhances the existing operational difficulties. Waste collection transportation is one of the major parts of the process of solid waste management which consists of generation, collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal [3]. It is statistically proved that a major proportion of the total cost for solid waste management is spent into municipal solid waste collection transportation and disposal. Having pinpointed the economic significance of waste collection transportation and disposal, it is equally important to underline that it is also one of the most difficult operational probl ems faced by local authorities in Jalgaon city. The sheer enormity of the project dictates that well organized, well managed teams perform the necessary duties on a daily basis, in order to sustain the demanding hygienic standards that are expected by the Jalgaon citys residents. URBAN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Due to rapid industrialization in urban areas huge quantity of municipal solid waste and e-waste is generated. During the mid seventies the per capita solid waste generated lies in between 100 to 350 gm/day for Indian cities whereas in late eighties, it ranges in between 300 to 530 gm/day. Presently the per capita solid waste and e-waste generated daily in developing country like India ranges about 150 gm in small villages to 550 gm in large town [1]. The urban population is currently about one quarter of total population. The collection of waste is tedious problem as house hold waste are thrown outside in the streets and also due to narrow lanes, the smaller vehicles to collect the waste can reach only to the selected accessible points. Hence, unskilled labours are used to sweep the narrow streets and collect the waste and garbage. Though unskilled labours rates are relatively less due to large scale manpower it is estimated that India spends five times as much on sweeping as on refuse collection[2]. Poor motivation of workers, inadequacy of supervisory and management skills at local government levels are leading causes of low productivity. The problem needs to pay attention at proper levels. The three Rs of waste management namely Reduce, Recycle and Recover. The recycling is achieved through kabaries (peoples handling waste) who goes to door to door and collect bottles, broken plastics, metals, waste papers, etc. this material is recycled for manufacturing the secondary product. 2.1 Land filling Like other cities in Jalgaon city most of the waste is used for land filling. The methods followed are not in keeping with modern practices for sanitary land filling. The municipal solid waste is directly dumped on land filling area. This dumping is normally done in depressions which are prone to flooding. Due to this surface water contamination causes due to flooding of such low laying areas and also the ground water pollution causes due to dumping of such waste. Diversion of land for waste disposal is impossible since areas with the largest concentration of solid waste would also be the areas with serious scarcity of vacant lands. This causes ill-effect on the health on the community residing nearby, causes bad odor and the community nearby liable to fear of explosion of methane gas that can accumulated at land fill sites[3], which significantly contributes to global warming. 2.2 Composting The excellent option for solid waste management is composting for urban solid waste in India [4]. The composting may be by aerobic or anaerobic decomposition. In urban solid waste in India a huge quantity of organic content and moisture is present. Conceptually, the idea of composting is appealing as it helps to recycle the nutrients back to the land. Composting process requires segregation of material which is achieved by recycling by kabadies. The composting however still remains strong option for small and medium towns. Semi-mechanized aerobic composting is suitable to reduce the waste volume in the towns. 2.3 Incineration Incineration is the most important treatment method for destruction of all high calorific and highly toxic solid waste. High temperature incineration at 12000C mineralizes all kinds of organic material in solid waste [4]. Nearly 99.99% of various compounds are destructed. Incineration serves dual purpose of reduction of toxicity and the volume of the waste which is an important consideration when the disposal of waste is finally destined for landfills. The technology for incineration is not available indigenously and import options are highly capital intensive. 2.4 Anaerobic digestion [4] For high moisture and organic content of Indian Wastes, the anaerobic digestion is another suitable option. However, there are no ready technologies for processing heterogeneous material such as urban solid waste. The existing methods are suitable to homogeneous materials. The cost of cleaning and separating mixed heterogeneous wastes are likely to be high. A good way to avoid these problems is to intercept suitable wastes at the point of generation before it is mixed with other wastes. Kitchen and vegetable market wastes are largely suited for this purpose. These wastes can be collected and treated at source, if space permits. The resulting bio-gas can be used for captive energy use such as lighting and cooking etc. few bio-gas systems are currently available to treat wastes of fruit and vegetable origin. Though currently unfeasible as a large scale option, bio-gas systems can effectively handle localized and specific wastes and contribute to environment friendly disposal of wastes. THE CASE OF JALGAON CITY The Jalgaon Municipal limit covers an area of 68.24sqkm, out of which 11.45sqkm is the old municipal limit and 56.79sqkm is the extended additional area. This indicates that the Municipal territorial jurisdiction has increased more than four times i.e. from 11.45sqkm to 68.24sqkm. The overall population density of Jalgaon city, according to 2001 census5 is 53.94 inhabitant/hectares. The population of Jalgaon city will grow from 3, 68,000 in 2001 to 8,55,821 in 2033 as per the table 1 shown below. The population of Jalgaon city will increase nearly 43% till 2033. The municipal solid waste generated in the city is 226 tons/day as shown in Table (3). TABLE (1) Population Projection [6] Method Population Projection Geometric rate of increase 2001 2006 2011 2021 2033 368000 430903 530607 693214 855821 With rapid urbanization, industrialization and population growth the municipal solid waste (MSW) which has been a problem in past has become a serious threat in recent years and the situation is going to be worst in coming years if appropriate measures are not taken immediately, keeping in view the seriousness of the issue and its linkages with the economic growth, environmental degradation and health hazards. Dumping the waste as a waste has two fold negative implications. On the other hand, it pollutes the air, water and land resulting in diseases and destruction of human habitat. Garbage collection and disposal, as SWM was known earlier, constituted an obligatory function of the municipalities and continues to be so. As per the guidelines of Honorable Supreme Court of March 1999 and Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, September 2000, solid waste management system has been recognized. However, comprehensive rules at the national level came to be framed only after the Supreme Court passed orders in the public interest. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) notified the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules in September 2000 and they are applicable to every municipal body in the country. It was mandatory for the city of Jalgaon also to revamp its SWM services, since there is a need to make substantial improvement in the SWM practices prevailing in the city to meet the standards. It was necessary to address this problem systematically by going into all aspects of the Solid Waste Management (SWM) and devise a simple but cost effective system which must ensure desired level of collection, transportation and disposal. The civic services in the city of Jalgaon are managed by Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation. Managing solid waste generated in the city collection, transportation and its safe disposal is one of the most priority area of attention for improvement of the Municipal Solid Waste Management in light of the MSW Rules 2000. Like most of the cities towns in India, this service falls short of the desired level in Jalgaon as the present systems adopted are outdated and inefficient to meet the standards (MSW Rules 2000). Lot of factors contribute to this present status, the main being lack of knowledge and improper choice of technology coupled with a lack of long term planning. Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation has initiated the process of taking correctiv e measures by implementing a new collection and transportation system along with processing and disposal system comparable to those of modern era. Figure. 1. Solid Waste Disposal Sites [5] 3.1 Existing Status of Collection and Disposal The Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation is responsible for collection, disposal and management of MSW within the city. Due to rapid urbanization and increase in population waste collection and its transportation and disposal is a challenging task to the urban local bodies. No specific land was reserved for compost depot in the sanctioned development plan of the old city limits. The waste generated is disposed in an unscientific manner. The manpower and transport system is inadequate for the waste management of the city. The solid waste generated in the city mainly consists of domestic refuse (including slum area), waste from commercial areas, vegetable and fruit markets, slaughter houses, bio-medical wastes, wastes from hotels and restaurants and industrial solid wastes [7]. The waste generation is large in the high-income groups followed by middle and low-income group. TABLE (2) Physical composition of solid waste in Jalgaon city[5] Sr. No. Physical Composition Income Groups (%) LIG MIG HIG 1 Compostable 45.0 72.2 68.0 2 Paper 4.5 4.25 5.5 3 Plastic 3.5 2.9 3.6 4 Glass 0.9 0.0 09.0 5 Metal 0.5 0.0 0.5 6 Rag 5.4 0.13 1.7 7 Earthen matter 40.0 20.3 11.4 8 Leather 0.2 0.22 0.3 The average collection efficiency for MSW in Indian Cities is about 72.5% and around 70% of the cities lack adequate waste transport capacities (TERI 1998). Open dumping of garbage facilitates the breeding for disease vectors such flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, rats and other pests (CPCB 2000) FUTURE SCENARIO Waste generation and its impacts in India, the amount of waste generated per capita is estimated to increase at a rate of 1% 1.33% annually [8]. The calculated value of per capita waste generation in 1997 is 0.468 kg. It is estimated that the total waste quantity generated in 2047 would be approximately above 260 million tones more than five times the present level. Generation of waste in Jalgaon City The Jalgaon Municipal area is subdivided in 16 health units for collection and transportation of waste. The average per capita waste generation is 0.491kg/capita/day [12]. The amount of waste generated is about 226 tons per day as shown in Table (3). Proposed Technological Inventions Jalgaon city has lagged behind in terms of adopting technologies for solid waste management. In particular, collection, treatment and disposal of waste require urgent consideration. Collection of waste The preferred option would be to revamp the existing collection service structure to provide community with waste bins, conveniently placed for the people to deposit domestic waste, and door to door collection of waste [9]. Solid waste treatment and disposal techniques Disposal is a no alternative option because it is the last functional element in the solid waste management system and ultimate fate of all waste that are of no further value. Proper segregation of waste would lead to better options and opportunities for its scientific disposal [10]. Recyclable for example, could be straightway transported to recycling units, which, in turn, would pay the corporation for it, thereby increasing their income. Finally, the inert material that will be required to be sent to landfill would be of much lower quantity compared to un-segregated waste, consequently increasing the life of our existing disposal facilities. Segregation should be done into following ways for Jalgaon city, Wet organic matter Composting Dry organic matter Fuel bricks Plastic items Recycling Construction waste Paving blocks Scrap materials Recycling Inert other materials Land filling Strategic Planning (Flow Diagram) For SWM For Jalgaon City Dry Organic Matter Plastic Items Construction Waste Scrap Materials Inert and other Building Materials Wet Organic Matter Composting Fuel Bricks Recycling Paving Blocks Recycling Land filling Segregation Waste Disposal Site TS- 1 TS- 1 TS- 1 TS- 1 HU-2 HU-12 HU-13 HU-14 HU-1 HU-3 HU-4 HU-16 HU-5 HU-6 HU-7 HU-8 HU-9 HU-10 HU-11 HU-15 Figure 2. Strategic Planning (Flow Diagram) For SWM For Jalgaon City Solid Waste Collection, Transportation Model for Jalgaon City Collection Home to Home Collection Mechanical Road Swiping Manual Road Swiping Bulk Generator Litter Bins Transfer Station (Compactor) Transportation Processing and Disposal Processing Unit Segregation Wet Organic Matter Wet Organic Matter Dry Organic Matter Plastic Items Construction Waste Scrap Material Inert and other Building Material Fuel Bricks Recycling Paving Blocks Recycling Land filling Figure 3. Solid Waste Collection, Transportation Model for Jalgaon City Composting Composting is one system which transforms the biodegradable organic material into biologically stable material and in the process reduce the organic volume of waste; to destroy pathogens, insects eggs and other unwanted organisms and weed seed that may be present in municipal solid waste and to retain the maximum nutrient (NPK) content and to produce a product that can be used to support plant growth and as soil amendment [11]. The solid waste from Jalgaon city has been found to contain on an average range of 30 to 40% biodegradable matter. Apart from it, the CN ratio of waste (i.e. 20) on average is within range required for composting i.e. 20 to 25% [11] It was estimated that depending on locality and climate 450 to 500kg of compost can be produced from 1 tons of waste. Based on above discussion it is recommended that composting can be considered as safe, economic disposal method of municipal solid waste generated from Jalgaon city. Dry organic matter may be used for preparation of fuel bricks as energy source. After segregation of solid waste recyclable items are separated out and resource can be utilized for paving blocks. Land filling Solid waste management may be used to improve natural features by raising the level of low lying land to enable it to be used for cultivation or industrial development. The percentage of inert, inorganic and non-biodegradable organic matter is present in adequate quantity in solid waste of Jalgaon city and as for as this quantity is concerned the use of sanitary land filling seems alternative to use as means of disposal land filling method is cheapest method of refuse disposal. TABLE (3) Total Waste Generation for Jalgaon City [5] Health Unit Nature of Generators And Expected Quantity in Kilograms 0.491 / Capita / Day Residents Families Commercial Property Hotels Road Sweeping Debris Nos Quantity of Waste Generated in Kg Nos Quantity of Waste Generated in Kg Nos Quantity of Waste Generated in Kg Length of the Road in Km Quantity of Waste Generated in Kg 1 7555 14221 22 5.87 4 72.28 21.37 1942.11 2 7020 10377 265 70.76 10 180.7 39.49 3588.85 3 5821 10474 2704 721.97 44 795.08 24.26 2204.75 4 5012 9019 4569 1219.92 45 813.15 15.6 1417.73 5 4456 8020 163 43.52 1 18.07 9.06 823.37 6 5714 10286 589 157.26 40 722.8 31.52 2864.54 7 3766 6639 1490 397.83 75 1355.25 16.81 1527.69 8 6166 11096 747 199.45 30 542.1 27.12 2464.67 9 3905 8604 379 101.19 5 90.35 22.07 2005.72 10 11565 20277 1354 361.52 18 325.26 30.62 2782.75 11 6633 11939 209 55.8 11 198.77 28.81 2618.25 12 8374 14653 372 99.32 40 722.8 34.67 3150.81 13 3430 6173 766 204.52 27 487.89 23.05 2094.78 14 10726 19307 383 102.26 9 162.63 29.23 2656.42 15 2375 3816 823 219.74 14 252.98 27.76 2522.83 16 6070 12066 144 38.45 9 162.63 38.12 3464.35 98588 176967 14979 3999.39 382 6902.74 419.56 38129.61 Total Waste Generation in Tones: 226 CONCLUSION Based on physical composition and characteristics of solid waste in Jalgaon city composting can effectively handle solid waste containing wet organic matter in Jalgaon city. For collection of solid waste door to door collection system will be effective one, vehicle. For that purpose Jalgaon city must be divided into 16 health units four transfer stations are recommended. After segregation of solid waste wet organic matter must be used for composting dry organic material to be used for for fuel bricks, plastic items, iron items, scrap material to be used for recycling pupose. Inert and other building material should be used for land filling. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The literature reviewed in this paper is the part of ongoing thesis work named Solid waste management techniques for Jalgaon city at SGB University, Amravati under the guidance of Prof. M. Iqbal. The author thanks the Principal, J. T. M. C. O. E. Faizpur, Dist- Jalgaon for extending all facilities for conducting the research work.

Aphasia :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Aphasia In this world, humans and animals alike have come to communicate by using various mechanisms. Humans have advanced themselves beyond other organisms by using language, or a set of codes and symbols, in order to express themselves to others. Language has brought about a means to create new thoughts, to explore, and to analyze our everyday surroundings. It has also enabled us to retain past memories and to look deep into the advances for the future. However, for some individuals, this tool for communication has been plagued by a language and speech disorders, such as aphasia. Aphasia is the loss of the ability to speak or understand speech or written language. It is often detected at an early age, and contributes to the general class of speech and language disorders affecting "5% of school aged children" (1) . Aphasia is classified into three categories. The main two are receptive or sensory aphasia and expressive or motor aphasia. Receptive aphasia affects the input side and "the abil ity to understand spoken or written language may be partially or totally lost" (1) . Those with expressive aphasia "can speak but not find certain words or names, or may be totally unable to communicate verbally or by writing" (1) . For a majority of affected individuals, there is a combination of the two. The third type is conduction aphasia. This "involves disruption of transmission between the sensory and motor ends of the circuit" (1) . Here, individuals are able to produce speech despite the lack of connections to the input side. It seems that the ability to speak has a lot to do with your surroundings and how much emphasis was placed on developing this skill during the first few years after birth. Afterall, it's known that the first few years are critical because this is the time when the brain is "plastic" and is rapidly changing and being molded. By the time that adolescence is reached, the brain has become "less plastic". In this paper, I would like to explore theories prop osed to try to understand the origins of this impairment. Ongoing research has tried to pinpoint exact reasons as to why there is speech impairment for those with aphasia and other language disorders. Most theories suggest genetic and environmental implications. Is the speech disability some sort of defect from within the brain, or does the disability develop as a result of influence from your surroundings and lack of nurture from others?

Power of Positive Thinking Book Summary

THE POWER OF POSITIVE THINKING Table of Contents 1. Weakness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. Why this book?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 3. Synopsis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 4. How did the book help me overcome my weakness? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 WEAKNESS The weakness on which I was working was pessimism. Pessimism is a state of mind in which one anticipates negative outcomes or believes that the evil, hardships, dangers, displeasures in life outweigh or dominate the good, luxuries, securities or pleasures in life. It affects ones thinking process adversely.It leads to loneliness, doubts on one’s own capabilities and con stant anxiety. I wanted to overcome this weakness, to develop self-confidence and redeem my self-esteem. This would fill my mind and eventually life with more optimism and happiness. WHY THIS BOOK? SYNOPSIS In the first chapter the author deals with the cause of feelings of inferiority and insecurity and ways to overcome them and build self confidence. Believe in yourself! The author says one should have faith in his abilities. To be successful and happy one must have a humble and reasonable confidence in his powers or capabilities.A sense of inferiority interferes in attainment of goals whereas self-confidence leads to self realization and thus further successful achievement. According to the author, the sources of inferiority complex are usually some emotional violence done to us in the past or the consequences of certain circumstances or something that we did to ourselves in the past. The author suggests that to build up feelings of self confidence in oneself the practice of sugg esting confidence concepts to one’s mind is very effective.A mind is obsessed by thoughts of insecurity and inadequacy because such ideas have dominated that person’s thinking over a long period of time. Hence, more positive pattern of ideas must be given to the mind and that is accomplished by repetitive suggestion of confidence ideas. Thus, disciplining the mind is required if one has to re-educate it and make it a power producing plant. We build up the feeling of security or insecurity by the way we think. In our thoughts we constantly fix attention upon sinister expectations of events that might happen, the result we constantly feel insecure.And we have a tendency to create by thought, the very condition we fear. Instead one can create positive results by vital thoughts of courage and confidence. Attitudes are more important than facts. Any fact facing us, however difficult, even seemingly hopeless, is not as important as our attitude toward that fact. How you thin k about a fact may defeat you before you ever do anything about it. The author further suggests going about your business on the assumption that what you have affirmed and visualized is true. Affirm it, visualize it, believe it, and it will actualize itself.Feelings of confidence depend on the type of thoughts that habitually occupy your mind. Think defeat and you are bound to feel defeated. But practice thinking confident thoughts and you will develop such a strong sense of capacity that regardless of what difficulties arise you will be able to overcome them. Feelings of confidence actually induce strength. Emerson said: â€Å"They conquer who believe they can† and â€Å"Do the thing you fear and the death of fear is certain†. Thus, practice confidence and faith and your fears and insecurities soon will have no power over you.In the first chapter, the author suggests following ways to overcome inferiority and to build up self-confidence: †¢ Picture yourself as su cceeding. †¢ Whenever a negative thought comes to mind, deliberately voice a positive thought to cancel it out. †¢ Do not build up obstacles in your imagination. Instead tear them down by tearing them apart. †¢ Do not compare yourself to others. †¢ Get a competent counselor to help you understand why you do what you do. Learn the origin of your inferiority and self-doubt feelings which often begin in childhood. Self- knowledge leads to a cure. Practice self-affirmations, for example, Yes, I can. Or I can do all things through belief in myself. †¢ Take an inventory of all the things you have going for you and begin to really appreciate your assets. Health, eyes, hearing, friends, family, son, house, shelter, food, income, transportation, intelligence etc. In the second chapter, the author talks about having a peaceful mind. The essence of the secret lies in a change of mental attitude. For this, one must learn to live on a different thought basis, however tho ught change requires effort.A life of inner peace, being harmonious and without stress is the easiest type of existence. A primary method for gaining peace is to practice emptying the mind. Thus, practice emptying your mind of fears, hates, insecurities, regrets, and guilt feelings. After you have emptied your mind of all the old, unhappy thoughts immediately start refilling it with creative and healthy thoughts. The mere fact that you are consciously trying to empty your mind tends to give you relief. Also emptying your mind is not enough. Your mind cannot remain in a vacuum for long.Fill it with creative end healthy thoughts so that thoughts of fear, hates and worries do not enter. At intervals, practice thinking a selected series of peaceful thoughts or utter a series of peaceful words. They have a healing effect on your mind. Another way of developing serene and quiet attitudes is to watch your manner of speech. It is important to eliminate from conversations all negative ideas, for they tend to produce tension and annoyance inwardly. Peale also says to spend some quiet time each day relaxing, and not thinking about anything much.He says picture your mind as a pond and see if you can achieve the state of smoothness and no ripples. Fill your mind with all peaceful experiences possible, then make planned and deliberate excursions to them in memory. He continues, saturate your thoughts with peaceful experiences, peaceful words, and ideas, and ultimately you will have a storehouse of peace-producing experiences to which you may turn for refreshment and renewal of your spirit. It will be a vast source of power. On fear and guilt he says, the quantity of vital force required to give the ersonality relief from either guilt or fear or a combination of each is so great that often only a fraction of energy remains for living. The result is that he tires quickly. Not being able to meet the full requirements of his responsibility, he retreats into an apathetic, dull, listless condition and is indeed even ready to give up and fall back sleepily in a state of enervation. You must eradicate fear and guilt before you will ever be able to sleep and regain your strength. On happiness, he says, you can be unhappy if you want to. It is the easiest thing in the world to accomplish.Go around telling yourself that nothing is going well, that nothing is satisfactory, and you can be quite sure of being unhappy. But say to yourself, â€Å"Things are going nicely. Life is good. I choose happiness,† and you can be certain of having your choice. Peale says, â€Å"The happiness habit is developed by simply practicing happy thinking. Make a mental list of happy thoughts and pass them through your mind several times each day. If an unhappiness thought should cross your mind, immediately stop, consciously eject it, and substitute a happiness thought. The way to happiness: keep your heart free from hate, your mind from worry. Live simply, expect little, and g ive much. Fill your life with love. Scatter sunshine. Forget self, think of others. Do as you would be done by. Try this for a week and you will be surprised. † Peale recommends we think about what we want to do if we could do anything. And to think about what we are good at. He says that if you talk to your subconscious, you can convince it to change its mind about things. But that it is naturally very reluctant to do this. So you must be firm and persistent.He says to remember that â€Å"mighty oaks from little acorns grow†. He says that as a clean engine delivers power, so too a clean mind (free from negative thoughts, guilt, hate, bitterness, fear, etc. ). He believed the secret of achievement is to hold a picture of a successful outcome in mind. Peale gave few problem solving tips which could be summarized as: †¢ Believe that for every problem there is a solution. †¢ Keep calm. Tension blocks the flow of thought power. Your brain  cannot operate efficie ntly under stress. Go at your problem easy-like. †¢ Don't try to force an answer.Keep your mind relaxed so that the solution will open up and become clear. †¢ Assemble all the facts, impartially, impersonally, and judicially. †¢ List these facts on paper. This clarifies your thinking, bringing the various into orderly system. You see as well as think. †¢ Trust in the faculty of insight and intuition — believe in your own ability to come up with a satisfactory solution. Don't get paralyzed by focusing on the idea that you must have the â€Å"perfect† or the â€Å"best† solution. Probably several solutions would somehow work out. Irritation, anger, hate, and resentment have such a powerful effect in producing ill-health.It is to fill the mind with attitudes of good will, forgiveness, faith, love, and the spirit of imperturbability. Some suggestions include †¢ Deliberately, by an act of will, keep your hands from clenching. Hold your finger s out straight. Deliberately reduce your tone; bring it down to a whisper. Remember that it is hard to argue in a whisper. Slump in a chair, or even lie down if possible. It is very difficult to get mad lying down. †¢ Say aloud to yourself, â€Å"Don't be a fool. This won't get me anywhere, so skip it â€Å"Everything is okay. It is not that big a deal. Everything is all right.It is ok. † †¢ Make a list of all the minor irritations. And find a reason for them not to irritate you anymore. Then cross them off. Do not leave any irritations uncrossed off. In this way you will weaken your anger to the point where you can control it. † †¢ When a hurt-feeling situation arises, get it straightened out as quickly as possible. Don't brood over it for a minute longer than you can help. Do something about it. Do not allow yourself to sulk or indulge in self-pity. Immediately apply the cure Unless you do so the situation can become distorted out of all proportion.So put some spiritual iodine on the hurt at once, by using a healing thought. †¢ Apply grievance drainage to your mind. He gives the example of pouring out your feelings to someone you trust, or to yourself on paper, until â€Å"not a vestige of it remains within you. Then forget it. † †¢ For those who believe in power of prayer he offers this technique: Pray for the person who you feel caused the hurt. Over and over and over until â€Å"†¦ you feel the malice fading away. † He also talks about the importance of relaxing in order to be able to cope and deal with things better.To summarize his tips on relaxation: †¢ Don't get the idea that you are Atlas carrying the world on your shoulders. Don't strain so hard. †¢ Determine to like your work. Then it will become a pleasure not drudgery. †¢ Plan your work–work your plan. †¢ Don't try to do everything at once. Try to do one thing well. †¢ Get a correct mental attitude, remember ing that ease or difficulty in your work depends upon on you think about it. Think it's hard and you make it hard. Think it's easy and it tends to become easy. †¢ Be efficient. †¢ Practice being relaxed. Take things in stride. Discipline yourself not to put off until tomorrow what you can do today. Accumulation of undone jobs makes your work harder. Keep your work up to schedule. On how to have constant energy,  Peale reveals the secret source of energy of every great person he has known: attunement with the Infinite. The knowledge that what one is doing is supported outside oneself and is serving a divine end, provides a constantly renewable source of energy. Working only by oneself and for oneself leads to burnout. Peale asks the readers to try prayer power. According to him,  prayer is different to what you thought it was.It is a space to say whatever is on your mind, in whatever language you choose. Instead of asking for things, give thanks in advance for what you desire, leave it in God's hands, and visualize the good outcome. The Peale formula is ‘Prayerize, Picturize, and Actualize’. Be surprised at its effectiveness. He asks us to expect the best and get it. Fearful creatures that we are, we tend to expect the worst. But an expectation of the best has a way of organizing forces in your favor. You are less likely to keep anything in reserve. The subconscious, which regulates much of our actions, merely reflects your beliefs.Alter the belief about an outcome, and your actions will seem to be shaped in order to achieve it. Peale's phrase is: ‘Doubt closes the power flow. Faith opens it. ‘ New thoughts can remake us. Use only positive and hopeful language for a 24-hour period. Then go back to being ‘realistic' the next day. Repeat this over a week and you find that what you considered realistic a week ago now seems pessimistic. In golfing terms, discover that ‘the rough is only mental'. Your new understand ing of what is realistic moves up to a higher, permanently positive level. HOW DID THE BOOK HELP ME OVEROME MY WEAKNESS? ———–THE END———–

Sustainability, Equity And Biodiversity - 1455 Words

Sustainability literature maintains that people need to be taught about sustainability, equity and biodiversity, and an early education would be most beneficial(Young Moore, 2012). Ecological education begins with a changing of current perceptions and values (Capra, 1996). If perceptions about current world views and beliefs are challenged, a new way of thinking and of living will be free to emerge. Ecologising education need not be difficult. Humanity’s affinity for nature has been well documented (Gullone, 2000) and eco-literacy can be driven by an innate wonder and joy (Orr, 1992), which are qualities most notably observed in children, allowing ecological thought and sustainable practices to be taught to even the youngest members†¦show more content†¦This first step of building awareness and instilling a global conscience is complimented by supporting students as they grow to become â€Å"active and informed citizens† who â€Å"work for the common good [ by] improving natural and social environments† (MCEECDYA, 2008). The Australian government has developed educational curriculum on the understanding that â€Å"environmental education requires learner-centred, interactive, teaching and learning strategies† and that there needs to be a â€Å"shared vision† if students are going to â€Å"have the knowledge, critical thinking skills, values and capacity to participate in decision making and development issues† (Department of Environment and Heritage, 2005). Education could be liberated â€Å"from the chokehold of consumer culture and economics† where education is â€Å"...a training process for future employment, or an investment which we expect to pay handsome financial dividends† (Burch, 2012). Educating people to become analytical thinkers capable of understanding a multitude of contributing factors in current unsustainable practices will lead the way to new policy and behaviours